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Computers
have proven evolution works.
Oxford
professor Richard Dawkins has claimed that a program he has designed proves
evolution works. The program consists of a line from Shakespeare -
"Methinks it is like a weasel" which has been totally jumbled. The
computer then unjumbles the letters and in only 64 steps comes to the quotation.
The trouble is the computer has already been programmed to find the sentence,
whereas evolution has no goal or final solution to reach. The computer does not
use random processes - it even has a restriction on the number of letters it can
use. No new information is generated because the computer always reaches the
desired sentence each time without changing it or making it better, and the
computer actually shows that in order to achieve a meaningful order in this
string of letters, the input of intelligence is required. - exactly what
creationists would say.
The
fact is Dawkins needs a great amount of gullibility on the part of his readers
and followers in order to make a case for evolution with such a feeble exercise
as this.
The
history of the world
and the origins of its many civilisations are lost in the mists of time.
The
Bible clearly explains when the different nations of the world began to appear,
and where they came from. Of Noah’s grandchildren, 16 grandsons are named in
Genesis 10. After the Babel dispersion (Gen.11) the descendants of these
grandchildren fanned out over the earth and established various nations of the
ancient world. (For more on this see Creation mag 20(4) 1998, page 22.)
Evolution
vs Creation,
( -as outlined in Genesis) can be fitted together in harmony.
There
is no harmony between the two accounts, in fact they are diametrically opposed
at several crucial points.
The
Bible begins with God - evolution denies that there ever was a god. The Bible
shows how God works by written revelation and shows that God purposefully made
us - evolution denies all this totally.
All
one has to do from this point is compare point by point the supposed order of
evolution with the sequence in Genesis 1. The discrepancies become obvious.
Evolution
reduces God to something Man invented, removes God from public life, gives Man
the incentive to decide rights from wrongs, allows political groups to determine
laws. Creation puts God first, allows Him into public life, gives Him the
prerogative to decide morals and includes His Law into civil law.
If
Evolution is true : there is no life after death, materialism is all there is,
Man is the only authority and self-fulfilment is the highest aim. If Creation is
true : there is life after death, spiritual life is real, God is the highest
authority and the highest priority in life is to love and obey God.
The
moon
either broke away from the earth or was captured as it came by, or perhaps it is
the remnant of a huge cloud of dust which collapsed inwards? At any rate, the
moon is an unpurposeful phenomena.
The
size, speed, substance and orbital distance of the moon are all delicately
balanced. If any of these parameters were lost disaster would strike Earth.
God
created the moon to give light to the earth - which it does because it is large
and reflective. He also created it to mark seasons - which it does because it
has 29 and a half day phases, thus marking the months and seasons.
The
moon also creates tides, which helps oxygenate the ocean waters when they break
on shores, and it also drives ocean currents which keep the seas from
stagnating.
The
moon, like all things, is in a decaying orbit, receding about 4 cm every
year from Earth.
Some
trees are older than the Bible date for creation.
The
Bible date for creation is calculated first by history back to the time of
Christ, and then by history and Bible dates based on the ages of various kings
and other people. The general view is approximately 4000 BC. However, the Great
Flood destroyed all the living trees in about 4500 BC so any trees growing today
must be no older than this date.
The
claim that trees have been found which are older than 6500 years has been made
quite often, yet subsequent tests have always proven it to be unsubstantiated.
One
example is a stand of what looks like many huon pines which cover one hectare on
a Tasmanian mountain. The trees, it is claimed, are actually all part of a
single parent, which has been dated at 10,500 years. Some media reports have
dated it at between 30,000 and 40,000 years.
Drill-core
sampling of the trees has shown no evidence to support the longevity claims.
Tree-ring dating has shown an age of about 4,000 years. The oldest living
bristlecone has been dated by this method at about 4,600 years - which fits
almost perfectly with the end of the Flood.
The
truth is, no living things have been found older than about 4,500 years old.
This is what we would expect if the world was repopulated by plants and animals
after the global Flood, (about 2,500 BC).
Time
magazine reported, in Nov. 15th 1999 page 18 that "the world’s oldest
tree, known as ‘Eternal God’ is the giant redwood that lives in the
Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park in California - dated at 12,000 years
old" However, tree ring counts (dendrochronology) of drill-core samples
show that the oldest living organisms are 4000 year old bristlecone pines.
Redwood trees generally range from 600 to 1200 years, with the oldest clocking
in at 2,200, which was felled in 1934. Dendrochronologists have since said that
Time magazine was in error, due perhaps to negligence in checking sources, or
over-zealous reporting. The tree in question is actually sign-posted as an
Estimated Age : 1500 years.
DNA
is a mechanical chain of nucleotides which came about by accident.
Dr.
Eric Norman, who has a B.Sc. In Physics (University of Missouri), a BA In
Chemistry (Southern Illinois University), an MS In Biochemistry and a Ph.D. In
Biochemistry (Texas A&M University), spent many months trying to connect
just three bases in a nucleotide. He found that to connect these bases a
protective group molecules had to be attached on parts of the molecule to
prevent wrong connections. A catalyst was also needed as a condensing agent, and
the chemical reaction had to take place in a completely water-free environment.
Even the humidity of the air was enough to prevent the reaction.
The
human DNA consists of some 3 billion DNA nucleotide ‘rungs’ yet every one of
them has to form and be replicated in order for life to proceed. It is
impossible, as far as Dr. Norman is concerned, for DNA to form by accident, let
alone all the other things such as sugars, proteins and lipids.
The
formation of DNA contradicts at least three laws : the second law of
thermodynamics - because simple arrangements must be growing into more complex
arrangements, the law of probability - because it is unbelievably improbable for
a DNA spiral to form by accident, and the law of information - because inanimate
matter cannot arrange itself into a meaningful code without exterior influence.
Left
to itself DNA will break down. Unprotected by a cell membrane or organised
mechanisms of repair and maintenance, DNA never keeps its order intact, yet
evolutionists require people to believe that some time in the past all of these
factors were operating in reverse.
The
Niagara Falls proves that the Earth is very old because of the speed at
which it is retreating.
In
the mid-1880’s Charles Lyell came out with his uniformitarian ideas. He
thought the Earth had been shaped by slow and gradual forces over millions of
years, and he seized on the Niagara Falls as an example of proof. However he
made some very serious mistakes in his measurements.
In
1841 the Falls were much harder to reach than they are today. When Lyell visited
them he used the memory of a local plus a few measurements to work out the speed
at which the Falls were cutting through the edge of their bed. From these
figures he estimated that the Falls Gorge was 35,000 years old - much older than
the Bible allowed. He then published these findings in ‘Principles of
Geology’, and because few people had ever seen the Falls, and because Lyell
was a respected gentleman, his report was accepted as true.
Lyell,
being an avid evolutionist, did not let facts spoil his theory, so it was not
surprising that he ignored other reports which gave a much faster erosion rate.
Later, eyewitnesses reported in over the years from 1842 to 1927 that erosion
was about 4 - 5 feet per year. This rate ruined Lyell’s estimate and put the
Falls Gorge age at about 7-9000 years. This estimate has now been found wanting,
because the erosion rate is actually faster still.
With
the discovery of other planets, the chances of finding life elsewhere in
the universe are now much higher.
Planets
do not shine by their own light, but reflect it as they orbit near a star. As
this reflected light would be as feeble as one billionth of that of the host
star, Earth-bound telescopes would not be able to find it, so no planets the
size of earth could be seen.
One
way in which earth scientists try to find distant planets is by noting whether a
star ‘wobbles’ as a planet pulls on it while orbiting. This periodic
fluctuation can be measured, and planets may be the cause. However none of the
claimed planets has been detected by telescope, and several other theories to
explain the ‘wobble’ have been put forward : star pulsations, sunspot-like
blemishes, double-star systems, or the presence of brown dwarf stars - these are
weak stars with masses between that of Jupiter and our sun.
Any
planet which is able to cause a detectable wobble in a distant star would need
to be at least as large as Jupiter, in which case it would be about 318 times
the mass of Earth, and totally uninhabitable.
In
order to orbit a star, a planet needs to be placed in an orbit with very strict
parameters. It has to be moving at exactly the right speed compared to its mass
and distance. Any variation in the parameters and the planet will either escape
its orbit or spiral into the star. These parameters alone make our own solar
system a remarkable collection of finely balanced objects, and it seems unlikely
that a similar arrangement could occur by accident. (The accretian disk model
does not explain the origin of the solar system, so we are faced with yet
another mystery, unless we accept the Genesis account of origins)
Life
from Space
is a real possibility, as microbes are carried about from planet to planet.
Perhaps that is where life originally came from 4 billion years ago, and from
which all life on Earth has now evolved?
Let
us suppose that microbes are living on a planet. They have to leave it in order
to reach another planet, but they lack propulsion. For any object to break free
from the pull of gravity, it must achieve ‘escape velocity’. For Earth this
is 11.2 km per second, or just over 40,000 kph (11,500 mph). As volcanoes do not
eject materials at these speeds, the most likely alternative is asteroid impact,
which might blast debris into space.
But
even if some microbes did fly away from a planet on debris, their journey across
space would be most hazardous. The nearest star to Earth is Proxima Centauri -
4.3 light years away. This means that light, travelling at 300,000 kps (186,000
mps) would take 4.3 years to reach us. If a planet was orbiting Proxima Centauri
and a rock was blasted off it at escape velocity, it would take 115,000 years to
reach Earth.
Rocks
coming from a planet 40 light years away would take over a million years to
reach Earth.
But
what of the journey? Radiation would bombard the rock, destroying any DNA it
might contain. Near-absolute temperatures would crack and splinter any cells on
or in the rock. There would also be no nutrients, oxygen or water. On reaching
Earth the rock would heat up until it was molten and then strike the earth at
great speed with tremendous force.
But
even if, due to a fairy-tale scenario, some microbes did survive all these
things, they would not be able to do anything more than reproduce themselves,
because evolution is not possible without the input of new useful information.
If
rocks can be blasted away from Mars and land on Earth, they might also be
blasted away from Earth and land on Mars. It is therefore possible that the
remains of life may be found on Mars.
If
life was found on another planet in our solar system it might be due to : 1.
Contamination from Earth’s own probes, 2. The result of meteorite strikes on
Earth, 3. The result of bacterial spores from Earth’s upper atmosphere being
pushed into Space by the solar wind, 4. The result of God’s creative work.
Canyons
take tens of thousands or millions of years to form.
Providence
Canyon, near the town of Lumpkin in Southwest Georgia, is a canyon with sides 50
metres deep 180 metres wide and 400 metres long. (160, by 600, by 1300 feet).
According to folklore, the Canyon started to form in flat pastureland, with some
trees, in the 1790s when rain water started to cut into American trails - or
perhaps water running off the Patterson’s barn, or the local school, in 1855
was the cause. By the 1940’s farmers were aware of the canyon’s growth
because they kept losing fences, animals and equipment down the sides as the
edges widened. Today the Canyon is still growing.
Human
remains
prove that Man has been on Earth for tens of thousands of years.
In
1997 huge publicity was given to remains of an Australian Aboriginal site, dated
at 116,000 to 176,000 years. However, independent experts did their own dating
and came up with less than 20,000 years. One of these experts, a Dr. Nigel
Spooner, checked the data on a sample dated at 50,000 years and came up with
5,000 years or less.
In
Feb. 2001 remains of an Australian were dated at 60,000. One of the big problems
with this sort of dating is the lack of population. Given that there were humans
living that long ago, they have left almost nothing to show for over 50,000
years of habitation - no roads, trails, tracks, buildings, tools, artefacts,
graves, monuments etc. Also, their population has apparently remained reasonably
static for 50,000 years, which is itself very unusual and most unlikely. Compare
this with the population of Europe and surrounding countries, which has risen
from a few thousand to several billion in only three or four thousand years.
Biosphere
2
was built to show that a Man-made isolated living environment could supply all
the factors necessary for sustaining life in a range of ecosystems.
Biosphere
1 and 2 both failed. Despite an investment of about US$200 million from 1984 to
1991, and a multi-million dollar operating budget, it proved impossible to
sustain 8 human beings with adequate food, water and air for 2 years. Just 1.3
years after enclosure in 1991, oxygen levels had fallen to the point that oxygen
had to be added from the outside. Nineteen of 25 invertebrates became extinct.
All the species which could pollinate plants became extinct, as did most
insects. Water and air pollution became acute and temperature control was a
problem.
On
the other hand, God has designed a Biosphere which functions beautifully, and
sustains life on all levels adequately without any sign of breaking down - even
though humans are constantly attacking it.
The
Genesis account and Science
are two different things. Science is true, but Genesis is just religious myth.
Science
is always changing its statements - but the Bible never does.
Time
and time again ‘scientific’ statements have been either thrown out,
modified, or replaced by new ones. For example it was once thought that trains
could not go very fast because some scientists thought all the air would be
sucked out. Other scientists thought Man would never be able to fly. Others
thought the moon was about 60 feet deep in dust. Others thought life arose
spontaneously. Others thought the "cell" was a simple thing. Others
thought simple systems gradually grew more and more complex without external
aid. Others thought genetic information was blended over time. Others thought
there were no such things as germs. Others thought there were only four
‘elements’.
As
the scientist Matthew Maury once said "I have been blamed by men of science
. . . For quoting the Bible in confirmation of the doctrines of physical
geography. The Bible, they say, was not written for scientific purposes, and is
therefore no authority in matters of science. I (totally disagree). The Bible is
authority for everything it touches. What would you think of the historian who
should refuse to consult the historical records of the Bible, because the Bible
was not written for the purposes of history? The Bible is true and (good)
science is true, and therefore each, if truly read, but proves the truth of the
other". (Address given at the University of the South in East Tennessee,
Nov. 30, 1860. Words in brackets added for clearer reading).
There
are many spiritual leaders in the Church who have abandoned the clear
statements of Genesis, and slipped into the ever-changing theories of science.
Once the literal reading is thrown out, the evolutionary millions of years can
be adopted. The "fruits" of this sort of ‘do-it-yourself’
reasoning are :
1.
People start interpreting the rest of the Bible using the fallible methods of
fallible men,
2.
Once millions of years are accepted, bloodshed, death, disease and suffering are
allowed to exist before Adam sinned, which chips away at the credibility of the
gospel, because the gospel includes in its framework the teaching that Adam was
the first man to sin,
3.
It seems that God is unable to clearly communicate, and needs lots of secular
thinking to help make His words understandable,
4.
People think there must be a difference between God’s Word and Science,
5.
People become afraid to stand up for the Bible in case they are laughed at.
Euthanasia
(usually) involves the killing of a patient shortly before they are expected to
die anyway. It is not murder, or self-murder, because these words apply to a
moral universe. Euthanasia is part of the evolutionary picture - it is just the
death of an animal. It can therefore be applied to killing deformed, useless,
old and handicapped people - a great benefit to other more healthy humans.
In
Holland, where euthanasia is not strictly legal but tolerated, in one year more
than 2700 euthanasia deaths were reported - 50% were involuntary. This shows
that, were euthanasia legal and acceptable, many people would die for trivial
reasons. Human life is devalued the further we go from the Bible.
In
2 Sam.1:1-16 an Amalekite claimed that Saul had asked to be put to death. David
angrily destroyed the man.
In
Gen.9:6 God says "Whoso sheds man’s blood, by man shall his blood be
shed; for in the image of God made he man." Anyone who kills another person
is therefore responsible for that death - except in strictly correct legal
situations.
God’s
Word shows that it is not Man’s responsibility to take his own or anyone
else’s life.
Arguments
for euthanasia - with a Christian response :
It
is our right to die - it is God’s will that we exercise freedom of choice, but
He has told us that we are precious, and offers solutions to those who may be
dying.
The
law allows euthanasia - none of Man’s laws can supersede God’s eternal Laws.
I
am in unbearable pain - there are many drugs which can ease or remove pain.
I
am depressed - friends, visitors, various media, drugs and so on can alleviate
this.
I
have terminal cancer and will die soon anyway - while you live you have time to
do good, to think, to set things in order and to achieve many useful things.
Once
evolution was accepted in Nazi Germany, euthanasia was practised on the
terminally ill, the disabled and the elderly, then the Jews and anyone else who
seemed to be useless, such as gypsies.
Cloning
will make it possible to make exact genetic copies of any living thing -
including humans.
Cloning
has been carried out successfully with a sheep (Dolly) but many difficulties
have arisen. One is the enormous expense. Another is the fact that it takes many
attempts before the process proceeds correctly.
When
a cell divides, a string of nucleotides are removed from the ends of the DNA
spiral. These nucleotides, called telomeres, are like beads, and they are
stripped away until a major gene is reached at which point the cell dies. This
is usually the 50th cell division. What this means is if cells are taken from an
organism which is 20 cell-divisions old, the cloned cells will divide only 30
more times before they die. This is a major difficulty with cloning.
In
the right hands, cloning may be a good thing. It may provide better crops,
larger animals, organs and substances useful for healing. In the wrong hands it
could lead to irreversible disaster.
The
whole universe came from an enormous explosion - a ‘Big Bang’ from
which all the details including life formed by completely random processes.
The
Hubble orbiting telescope has given us pictures of the furthermost reaches of
Space, and instead of finding more primitive galaxies - as we would expect if
they were formed by an explosion - we find galaxies just as complete as any
which are nearer to Earth.
Another
problem with the ‘Big Bang’ theory is that it totally contradicts the first
two Laws of Thermodynamics. Firstly, energy and/or matter cannot be created out
of nothing. Energy and matter are interchangeable. And secondly the universe is
moving from complex to less complex, which contradicts the Second Law, which
says that the whole universe must have moved the other way some time in the past
- but there is no known process by which this could have happened.
Put
simply, the universe is not a random scattering of matter, as we should expect
to find in an explosion. No known laws could produce such balance, order and
design from a random scattering of matter.
The
universe is slowly being mapped and what has been discovered so far is a
structure not unlike immense bubbles. The walls of the bubbles are galaxies and
clusters of galaxies, and the interior of each bubble is an enormous expanse of
nothingness. These shapes are quite the opposite to what ‘Big Bang’
believers expected to find so they are once again modifying their theories to
fit their theories.
In
his book ‘A Brief History of Time’ British physicist Stephen W. Hawking asks
"Today we still yearn to know why we are here and where we came from".
At the end of his book he says "We find ourselves in a bewildering world.
We want to make sense of what we see around us and to ask : what is the nature
of the universe? What is our place in it and where did it and we come from? Why
is it the way it is?" Unfortunately Hawkings steers away from the Bible and
confines himself to equations, so he ends up with no answers to his questions.
As
far as Hawkings knew, the universe was the result of a ‘Big Bang’ which blew
outwards from a central point and formed the vast and beautiful heavens -
completely my accident.
However,
if the universe came about by such an explosion, matter should be evenly
distributed. It is not. Matter is concentrated into zones and planes. Distant
galaxies are clustered together like continents - according to two astronomers
Gella and Huchra, who embarked on a lengthy measuring program.
Petrified
forests
show that many thousands of years ago trees were buried slowly and preserved.
The
Yellowstone National Park spans three states in America. In some places in the
Park erosion of hillsides has uncovered upright petrified trees - such as
Specimen Ridge, where there are 27 layers or levels on which the trees are
found. The total vertical height of Specimen Creek, which contains 50 layers or
levels is 1200 metres (3,400 feet).
He
evolutionary theory as to how these trees got like this is that originally there
was just one level, where trees grew, and these trees were covered so a new
forest could grow on top, and so on, until the whole hillside represented many
growths and coverings over thousands of years - an estimated 40,000 in fact. The
trouble is, the evidence doesn’t match the theory.
The
trees have their roots torn off, which shows they were transported to the site
and didn’t grow there. The trees have no branches either, which shows they
were stripped away before they were deposited on the site. Many of the tree
stand vertically through the layers, which shows that the layers were laid down
continuously, and not in separate stages. The trees are vertical, which shows
that they must have been held upright while they were buried, and not fallen
over as trees normally do. The trees are all of the same chemical and mineral
composition which shows that they share a common time and origin. The trees show
no layers of soil or humus, as normal forest do. The trees are found in
conjunction with other fossils which normally are not found in forests.
The
best explanation is the Great Flood, which shows that trees caught up by water
were transported roughly to the area, where they gradually sank vertically and
were covered by successive layers of sediment, which later hardened and
petrified the wood.
Comets
come from distant parts of the universe and testify to its great age.
There
are orbit the sun every hundred years or so. Every orbit sees a loss of material
such that these comets have a life span of only a few thousands of years. IF
comets came into being at the same time as the solar system, then the solar
system must be only a few thousands of years old.
In
order to keep the theory (that the universe is very old) running, evolutionists
have invented a sort of ‘comet nursery’ which provides a regular supply of
new comets. They have even given this undetected ‘nursery’ the Kuiper belt,
and backed it up with unsubstantiated and unconfirmed statements.
The
uncountable billions of stars whose light comes to us from so far away
bear witness to the enormous age of the universe.
One
puzzling problem is How did the light from millions of light-years away reach
planet Earth from so far away in only a few hours during creation week? The
answer is twofold. First of all we are dealing with a miracle God, so the
presence of light is no problem to Him. After all, He created two humans without
making them go through conception, birth and growth. Jesus made wine from water
in an instant. Nothing is too hard for God.
Secondly,
we are actually given some clues in Scripture.
Job
26:7 He stretches out the north over the empty place, and hangs the earth upon
nothing. Isaiah 40:22 It is he that sits on the circle of the earth, and the
inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretches out the heavens as a
curtain, and spreads them out as a tent to dwell in:
Isaiah
44:24 Thus says the LORD, your redeemer, and he that formed you from the womb, I
am the LORD that makes all things; that stretches forth the heavens alone; that
spreads abroad the earth by myself . . ."
In
all three verses the heavens are said to be "spread" out. One simple
way to grasp this is to hold a rubber band between two fingers then pull your
fingers apart. The fingers travel away from each other but the rubber band
continues to link them. In a similar way it seems that God created the stars and
spread them apart, allowing Earth to be bathed in their light right from the
start. (Logically, if Earth was younger than some far reaches of the universe,
there would be many stars which would not be visible yet, as their light would
still be travelling towards us, yet we never see new stars or galaxies suddenly
appear.)
How
many stars are there? See Jer. 33:22 - the number of stars is about the same as
the number of sand grains.
With
the unaided eye we can see about 6000 stars altogether in both hemispheres. With
a small telescope we can see about 30,000. With the Hubble telescope we can see
so many we can’t count them, yet God calls them all by name - Ps.147:4. By way
of illustrating this, imagine a computer which can count 10,000 million stars
every second. It would take a computer working at this speed 30 million years to
cover most of the whole night sky, and it would still have a few more to count.
Noah’s
Ark
was too small to hold all the animals.
Many
people draw a stupid picture of something from the Bible, and then throw
criticism at it. This is called setting up ‘straw men’. For example, they
look at Judas, who betrayed Jesus, and then say "Call that a
Christian!?" By picking the worst example, or the ‘fringe’ fanatic, it
is easy to discredit something. When it comes to Noah’s Ark, many people are
under the mistaken impression that it was quite small, and/or that every animal
on earth today was crammed into it. Such was not the case.
First
of all, how many types of animal did Noah take on board? Noah did not need to
take sea creatures, or plants, or insects. Only animals which breathed
"through nostrils" (Gen.7:22) which means through the nose. This rules
out insects, but includes all invertebrates and reptiles, and of course includes
all the dinosaurs. And there is nothing in Scripture to suggest that Noah took
fully grown creatures - babies would have been quite sufficient.
What
we call a ‘species’ today does not equate with what God calls a ‘kind’
in the Bible. A ‘kind’ was a ‘gene pool’ from which many different
offshoots could come, such as the dog family (dogs, wolves, jackals, dingoes),
or cat family (manx, Siamese, Persian), or horse family. Hidden in the genetic
code was the potential to produce African and Indian and Mammoth elephants,
likewise black and white and ginger rabbits. So all Noah needed was a male and
female of a ‘kind’ and subsequent breeding produced the many varieties.
One
common objection concerns the dinosaurs. They were too big, say the critics. But
of the 668 supposed dinosaur genera, only 106 weighed more than 10 tons when
fully grown. The median size of the dinosaurs was about the size of a rat, while
11% were about the size of a sheep. There is no reason why the animals which
came to the Ark could not have been very young, and therefore small.
How
large was the Ark? It was 300x50x30 cubits, which is about 140x23x13.5 metres
(459x75x44 feet), so its volume was 43500 cubic metres (or 1.4 million cubic
feet) which is the equivalent of about 522 standard American stock cars, each of
which can hold 240 sheep.
Consequently
there was plenty of room to give each of the animal pairs adequate room. Food
supplies might have taken up 15% of the space and drinking water might have
taken up 9.4%.
There
is also the possibility that many of the animals hibernated, or rested most of
the time. The Flood lasted about one year.
Its
high time that certain sceptics showed some intellectual integrity and actually
read the Bible, instead of making ridiculous comments about something they know
so little about.
(For
further details see ‘Noah’ Ark A feasibility study’ by John Woodmorappe).
Human
blood
consists of percentages of concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, iodine, chlorine, which are similar to sea water, which shows that
the ancestors of humans once lived in the sea.
The
truth is the mineral concentrations in human blood are not similar at all to sea
water. The chlorine and sodium contents are only 20-30% of sea water, whereas
the iron content is 250 times greater. Compared to sea water, blood has little
magnesium, but 9,000 times a much selenium.
Furthermore,
even the blood of crabs, which actually live in or near the sea is different to
sea water.
But
the whole evolutionary view is flawed because of their assumption that the sea
has been salty for millions of years. Salt is steadily being added to the sea
through erosion off the land, and it would take 62 million years, starting with
pure fresh water to reach the present salinity. However, evolutionists say that
amphibians crawled out of the sea 350 million years ago, which means that the
sea wasn’t salty then - so how can evolutionists claim that blood is related
to the salt in the sea so long ago? The sea wasn’t salty then!
The
fact is, when God created the sea and the creatures in the sea, He created them
for each other, perfectly tuned and in harmony. There was no need for God to
wait for anything to evolve before He changed something.
Compare
human blood with sea water, per milligram per litre:
Sodium
3220 10800
Chlorine
3650 19400
Potassium
200 392
Calcium
50 411
Magnesium
27 1290
Phosphorus
36 0.09
Iron
1 0.004
Copper
1 0.001
Zinc
1.1 0.0002
Chromium
1.1 0.002
Bromine
4 67
Fluorine
0.1 1.3
Boron
1 5
Selenium
0.9 0.0001
Blood
is incredible! It is not primitive sea water, but a highly complex and vital
fluid . . . it carries oxygen from the lungs to every cell, and it carries
carbon dioxide away from every cell, it carries food (glucose) to every cell and
carries waste products away. It carries minerals, amino acids, vitamins,
enzymes, special cells and proteins and chemicals vital to healing,
growth-regulation and maintenance of the whole body. It carries clotting
materials, and it regulates body temperature by bringing warmth to the
extremities. Blood is always on the move, forming part of a vast network of
channels which wind through the entire body.
Evolution
has produced many marvellous creatures.
The amazing functioning of these organisms shows the diversity possible through
evolution.
Michael
J. Behe, a man who keeps away from revealing whether or not he is a creationist
or Christian, has written a book called ‘Darwin’s Black Box’ (The Free
Press, New York, 1996) in which he uses the expression "irreducible
complexity". By this he means a system which could not function if just one
part of it was missing. For example a mouse trap.
If
all the parts of a mousetrap are present, all in their correct place, and shaped
accordingly, the whole trap works. But remove just one part and the entire trap
will not work. Mr Behe shows in his book how Nature is designed in much the same
way.
Blood
clotting relies on a cascade of very complicated events. So does the process of
photosynthesis, digestion, and the seeing eye. None of these things would run
smoothly, or even function, if just one tiny part of the whole was missing. This
indicates that the systems were designed as whole systems, and goes totally
against the evolutionary idea that they arose little by little over vast ages.
(Of what use is a three-quarters eye, or a half wing? There is no advantage for
a creature to have a partially present limb or internal system, because,
according to evolution, only the fittest survive, and there is no advantage in a
non-funtioning organ).
Oil
deposits were formed millions of years ago.
Oil
is a mixture of organic materials and water. It is usually found deep
underground, under sedimentary rock. sealed by non-porous ‘cap’ rocks. Oil
sometimes seeps upwards and away very slowly but at measurable rates. In these
cases, if the seepage can be measured, the age of the oil deposit can be
estimated. Seepage rates usually indicate that the oil is not millions of years
old, because if it was that old it would be long gone.
The
fact that oil is trapped under sedimentary rock indicates that a huge amount of
organic material was once collected, trapped and covered by less organic layers,
which subsequently hardened into rock. This is evidence of the Great Flood,
which tore huge amounts of organic matter away from the ground and deposited it
in heaps, covering it rapidly by sediment and sealing in.
Oil
does not take millions of years to form, because that sort of time would allow
it to seep away before any large amount was present.
A
Wichita company has found a way of using heat and pressure to turn garbage into
oil in minutes. Waste Recovery Inc. Says it can take ‘leftovers from
yesterday’s dinner, grass clippings, old newspapers, sawdust or any other
organic matter’ and in 10-15 minutes turn it into a burnable fuel.
Bird
evolution
from reptiles is confidently believed by many scientists to be a fact.
When
it comes to beliefs, what matters is whether or not there is good evidence on
which to base ones beliefs on. If there is, then a belief has credibility, but
if there is no evidence, the belief is empty of credibility.
In
order for a reptile to evolve into a bird, the reptile would have to evolve a
different breathing system, its bones would have to become hollow, its mouth
would have to become a beak, its legs would have to become thinner and grow
claws instead of toes, its skin would have to change from scales to feathers and
many other changes would need to occur. There are no transitional forms in the
fossil record, showing any of these changes. There are reptiles and there are
birds, but no intermediate forms.
The
archaeopteryx is supposed to be a link between reptiles and birds. Most
scientists believe that the archaeopteryx was a true bird. Its skeleton is
specialised, its feathers are true feathers, and its whole body except for the
feet and face are feathered. It has a strong ‘wishbone’ - furcula - which
shows that it was able to fly well, and it has feet suitable for perching not
walking along the ground.
The
theory of evolution has been endorsed by many church leaders.
Unfortunately
this is true, but endorsement does not equal accuracy. " . . . let God be
true, but every man a liar; as it is written, That You might be justified in
your sayings, and might overcome when You are judged". Romans 3:4 In this
verse Paul explains that even if every human in the whole world was mistakenly
or deliberately convinced that they were right, it would make no difference to
God. God is always right. So when it comes to evolution, even if every human in
the world was convinced that the Theory was correct, it would not be correct if
it contradicted God’s "sayings".
One
such misguided church leader was Rev. Charles Kingsley, an amateur naturalist
and ordained Anglican curate, chaplain to Queen Victoria and writer of novels.
One of his stories ‘The Water Babies’ begins with Tom, a human child who
becomes an amphibian with gills, and who lives in the water, and in the story
Mother Carey (Mother Nature), says "I am not going to trouble myself to
make things . . . I sit here and make them make themselves."
In
1867 Kingsley publicly declared his belief that man was descended from apes and
that the world was millions of years old, in two lectures entitled ‘Science
and Scripture’. He also held racist views "The Black people of Australia,
exactly the same race as the African Negro, cannot take in the gospel . . . Poor
brutes in human shape . . . They must perish off the face of the earth like
brute beasts."
One
day
with the Lord is as a thousand years, so the days of Genesis must be ages not
literal days.
"For
a thousand years in thy sight are but as yesterday when it is past, and as a
watch in the night." Psalm 90:4
"But,
beloved, be not ignorant of this one thing, that one day is with the Lord as a
thousand years, and a thousand years as one day." 2 Peter 3:8
This
verse (2Pet.3:8) is commonly used to attack the Genesis account, but what it
says is "one day with the Lord is "as" a thousand years" or
"like" a thousand years. Like is not the same as is.
However,
in the first of the two verses the writer is comparing the way we see time with
the way God sees it. God is eternal, while we are temporal. God inhabits
everlasting realms, while we measure our lives in feeble years. What is a
thousand years to a God who has no beginning or end? As insignificant as a watch
in the night - a mere hour or two of our time.
In
the second of the two verses, Peter is not referring to the six days of Creation
at all. The context does not allow this verse to refer to Genesis, but the
subject which Peter is describing, which is the long-suffering and patience of
God. He is not saying that one day = a thousand years either. He is speaking
about the Lord’s patience.
But
let us, for a moment, look at what happens if we take the critic’s view, and
equate a day with a thousand years. In Genesis the plants are created on day 3
and the insects are created on day 6, so most of those plants had to survive
3000 years before they could be pollinated.
Cave
men
were the forerunners of modern Man.
The
Bible teaches that God created the first humans perfect, wise and noble.
However, after they sinned, God brought in degrading forces, which reduced Man
to less glorious dimensions. For several hundred years people multiplied until
God announced the coming Flood. The Great Flood wiped out all but 8 people, and
these 8 repopulated the world. The whole world was different after the Flood,
being mountainous and colder, and a 400-500 year Ice Age made things even more
difficult, reducing many people to starvation, disease and malnutrition. Many
inventions and teachings were lost as migrating tribes moved across the land
masses, and some of these people had to find shelter in caves. These people were
not ‘primitive’ in its most basic sense. They knew how to make musical
instruments, sew their clothes, make tools, draw and paint, hunt, shape pots and
fashion other useful items, speak and sing, and pass on stories of the past.
The
fact is Man started off fully civilised and then ‘devolved’ rather than the
other way round.
Even
if there was a world-wide flood, the planet would take thousands of years
to recover.
When
Mt. Saint Helens erupted in 1980 the volcano devastated over 500 square km of
forest, streams and tranquil lakes, by blasting everything away and covering the
remains with grey ash, steaming pumice and mud flows. Some scientists at the
time said "It will never be again, in our lifetime" and some said it
would be "impossible for insects to recover at all".
Three
years later 90% of the original plant species are growing within the blast zone.
Many creatures actually survived the blast - ants survived in underground
colonies, salamanders survived in the soft wood of decomposing logs, fish
survived in ice-covered lakes, many plants survived as their roots were
protected by soil and snow-pack. As vegetation reappeared, herbivores moved back
in - elk, deer, beavers. As insect life increased, birds returned. Salmon and
trout made it up muddy streams, frogs started to live along stream banks, along
with toads and salamanders. Many species survived the blast as seeds, spores,
eggs and larvae.
Ten
years after the eruption plant and animal populations are approaching the level
they were at before the eruption. Obviously it does not take long for life to
move into a barren wilderness - which indicates that it was not long after the
Great Flood that the planet was clothed in life again.
It
is obvious, when one looks at the Earth, that it is very old, because it
looks old.
It
is not at all obvious to some people that the Earth is old. It all depends on
what they want to see. If they have already assumed that sedimentary rocks take
millions of years to form they will think that a sedimentary rock face is
millions of years old. If they believe that most sedimentary rock was formed
quickly by a global flood only 4 and a half thousand years ago, they will think
that the rocks are comparatively young.
An
example of this sort of thing is the Island of Surtsey. This island was
born in only a few days from a huge undersea volcanic eruption off Iceland (in
the North Atlantic) in 1963. During this eruption large forces did an enormous
amount of geological work in a short time.
It
is usually assumed that an island must first be built up by a volcano and then,
over hundreds or thousands of years, gradually ‘settle down’ and become
habitable. However, in the case of Surtsey, only a few months elapsed before the
new land was varied and mature. For example, the boulders on the beach took only
three weeks to become rounded and smooth from abrasion, and a sandy beach was
already formed some distance below them.
The
National Geographic (Thorarinson) put it this way " . . .in one week’s
time we witness changes that elsewhere might take decades or even centuries . .
. Despite the extreme youth of the growing island, we now encounter a landscape
so varied that it is almost beyond belief." (Vol. 127 no. 1965 page 726.
Note the amazement.
Another
area of Earth which appears to be old is Australia’s Salt Lake - Lake
Eyre, in south Australia. Evolution-minded experts have postulated that, if a
flood occurred every 50 years, the salt would have taken 73,000 years to build
up. However, after some investigation, it was discovered that the lake is
covered about ever 8 years, which reduces the time to form it to 12,000 years.
Furthermore, other evidence suggests that inland Australia was much wetter in
the past, with rain forests and flooding, so the time it took to form the salt
deposits is further reduced to well within the time frame which the Bible gives
us. ON THE OTHER HAND if Lake Eyre is as old as the ‘experts’ say, namely 2
million years, there should be an enormous amount of salt. 99.99% of this salt
is missing!
Living
fossils
are relatives of creatures which were thought to be extinct millions of years
ago. The remains of these ancient relatives are usually found in the fossil
record.
A
"living fossil" is usually greeted with amazement by evolution-minded
people because they have already assumed that whatever is found in the fossils
is millions of years old. Creationists have no problem with the discovery of
"living fossils" because they know that the fossils are only about
4,500 years old.
One
feature of "living fossils" is very significant : if the fossil and
the living representative of the fossil are matched up, no significant
difference can be seen between them The older the evolutionists say the fossil
is the more awkward things are, because evolution requires gradual change over
time. If no change has occurred, no evolution has happened.
On
thing which has been noticed many times is the fact that living creatures or
plants today match fossils in every way except size. In the fossil record some
creatures, such as dragonflies, ferns and shell fish, are many times larger than
their living representatives. This shows that, if anything, there has been a
genetic loss, rather than a gain, since the ancestor creature or plant
was buried.
An
example of a "living fossil" is a tree discovered in Australia
nicknamed the Wollemi pine, whose fossils have been dated at 150 million years.
Dr.
Joachim Sceven has collected hundreds of examples of "living fossils".
(For more on this see Creation magazine March 1998 and other issues)
Humans
were much more primitive
in the past compared to modern Man.
Ancient
Egypt is supposed to be one of the first civilisations, yet many of its
achievements baffle the best efforts of modern people to understand just how
they did what they did. For example the huge structures, the pyramids, the
immense statues, the fine jewellery, the synthetic paints, the delicate and
beautiful ornaments, and the exact alignment of their temples with certain
stars.
According
to Dr. Colin Fink of the electrochemistry department at Colombia University, the
Egyptians copper-coated many artefacts using a form of electrochemical
exchange. This involved a mixture of chemical elements which, when an object
was immersed, caused an electrochemical charge to build up which deposited the
copper permanently on the object. Scientific American refers to this as "a
secret later lost and not rediscovered until Faraday".
By
Cleopatra’s day the Parthians had developed an electric battery. The
battery used a thin copper disc at the base of a small 10-centimetre (4 inch)
cylinder. It was used to gold plate jewellery.
What
appears to be a model glider was also found in Egypt, in a tomb dated at
2000 BC
In
Greece a device was discovered which seems to have been used for computing
planetary motion. Others think it might have been a clock. Some have called it a
computer. But all agree that the mechanics are ahead of its time.
The
city of Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus valley, believed to be one of the earliest
known civilizations had a system of sanitation at least equal to that of
many European cities in the 1900’s.
The
Romans built temples in Baalbek, Lebanon, whose columns stood on a single
foundation stone which was laid by an earlier civilization. The columns
weighed about 2000 tonnes.
Carved
from a single block of volcanic rock, the ‘gateway of the sun’ at
Tiahuanaco weighs an estimated 100 tonnes. However the people of that day
carved, transported and lifted it to its present position.
At
Stonehenge, England, and many other places, huge stones have been
transported and erected in precise alignment.
In
the ruined city of Uxmal, a Mayan city, one building alone required 1
million tonnes of materials for its construction. (The Mayan calendar began with
a creation date of 3114 BC)
None
of these (or any of the hundreds of other "anomalous’) discoveries should
amaze us, as the Bible is clear as regards human intelligence. The descendants
of Noah were just as intelligent as any average human today. In fact something
is hinted at in Genesis 11:6-9. God divided the languages because He saw that,
if humans were left much longer "nothing will be restrained from them,
which they have imagined to do", and the same applies to humans today.
The
remains of a huge structure in England have been revealed by X-ray. The
building was originally 10 metres high (34 feet) with a diameter of 95 metres
(320 feet) and was supported by 400 wooden columns each about 1 metre (3.3 feet)
in diameter. Surrounded by a 6-metre ditch the entrance faced exactly to the
point on the horizon where the sun rose on the summer solstice. The building was
apparently set up about the same time as Stonehenge, which shows that even back
then people were extremely intelligent and skilful.
All
scientists are generally trustworthy
and reliable.
This
may be true "in general" but there have been quite a few scientists
who have deliberately lied, misled and faked their findings in order to
‘prove’ their theories.
One
example is Ernst Haekel, who claimed that as an embryo develops it goes through
the evolutionary stages which its ancestors went through millions of years ago.
(Called embryonic recapitulation). While it is true that there are some
similarities between many embryos - which is what we would expect of the same
God created life - there are certainly no gills or fish tails common to all
embryos at any stage.
Ernst
Haekel was a keen evolutionist, and so keen was he to ‘prove’ his theories
that he drew embryos the way he thought they should look, rather than as they
really were. Michael Richardson, a lecturer and embryologist at St. George’s
Hospital Medical School, London, has exposed the fraudulent drawings - as have
many other experts. Richardson assembled an international team, took
photographs, and did some comparisons. The results - all embryos from different
species are very different.
Haekel’s
drawings were declared fraudulent by professor His in 1874 and were included in
Haekel’s quasi confession, but, according to Richardson, Haekel’s drawings
were later used in a book in 1901, called ‘Darwin and after Darwin’ and have
since found their way into many biology texts. Now that we know the deception
for what it is, will there be an embarrassed rush by schools and libraries to
remove the books, or at least explain the error?
Sometimes
whales are discovered with a hind leg, which proves that they have an
evolutionary past.
Despite
this and other claims, the actual evidence for a ‘leg’ is completely
lacking. What has been found however is an abnormal growth in the skeleton of a
Greenland Right whale, due to a bone disease. The ‘leg’ exists only in the
evolution-minded observer, who interprets any bump or lump in terms of the
theory they already believe.
For
a leg to form on a whale a huge amount of new information would need to be
present in the whale’s DNA, and there is no known mechanism by which this
could happen. Whales always inherit the genetic information passed on to them by
their parents and nothing more.
There
is nothing about the anatomy of modern whales, including the occasional
abnormalities, which does not fit easily into creationist views.
Some
evolutionists have claimed the following three fossils as whale ancestors :
1.
Pakicetus - consisted of only a jaw and some skull fragments. Hardly enough
evidence to build such a huge claim on.
2.
Basilosaurus - this creature did have functional hind limbs, but evolutionists
themselves have admitted that they were probably used for grasping during
mating.
3.
Ambulocetus - this one had clear-cut hind limbs and was obviously able to walk,
but it is so different to the whales it is supposed to be related to it does not
fit in anywhere as a transitional form. Whales don’t have legs, this creature
does, so where are the transitional forms?
Humans
learned to speak
by gradually making their grunts more complex.
Human
speech is not the same as animal grunts, squeaks, growls and other noises. As H.
Gipper a linguist said "All assumptions that human speech developed
gradually from animal grunts, or that gestures changed incrementally into
audible language, cannot be sustained. Such erroneous hypotheses compare the
specifics of human speech with the communication systems of animals. It can be
stated emphatically that the essence of human speech is not communication.
Communication exists everywhere in the animal kingdom. Human language is in the
first place a knowledge medium; this encompasses an intellectual/spiritual
access to the observable world. The essence of speech lies in the possibility of
assigning specific meanings to articulated sounds, thereby making them mentally
accessible."
Another
interesting fact is that humans alone have a ‘speech centre’ in their
brain, which is there because of genetic inheritance. It is as if humans are
‘pre-wired’ for speech before they are born. This means that no amount of
effort will ever achieve speech in any other creature, simply because no other
creature is capable of it. (In the same way no amount of training will teach a
pig to fly, because they do not have wings).
Speech,
human language, is something which children learn from their parents, or
whoever they are raised by. This has been demonstrated many times in cases where
children have been raised without hearing speech. They have often been totally
unable to learn to speak - depending on how old they are when contact is made
with them - which indicates that the ‘speech centre’ has atrophied. Because
human language is learned only from other humans, there must have been an
original human who taught language to the first offspring. This supports the
Bible, which says that Adam and Eve were already able to use language at the
time of their creation (Adam named all the animals. God spoke to Adam and Eve).
At the tower of Babel God gave the languages to the people. At the day of
Pentecost the disciples found they could already speak different languages.
Obviously, because language cannot evolve, there must be some other explanation
for its origin.
Wood
takes millions of years to become petrified.
‘Popular
Science’ Oct. 1992 ran an article about research conducted at the Advanced
Ceramic Materials Lab, at the University of Washington in Seattle. Researchers
there have made a wood-ceramic composite which is 20-120% harder than regular
wood. The process is surprisingly simple. All they do is soak the wood in a
solution containing silicon and aluminium compounds. The solution fills the
pores in the wood. The wood is then oven-cured at 112 degrees Fahrenheit. Deeper
penetration is achieved under pressure and the resulting rock-hard product is
similar to petrified wood.
In
the Australian Lapidary Magazine, Jan 1970, page 9 there is a report of a piece
of wood which had petrified in only a few years. The wood bears the marks of an
axe, so it may not be much older than 70 years. Another piece has holes drilled
through it. There are several other similar reports like this in the report.
Wood
becomes petrified in stages :
1.
Silica enters in a solution,
2.
Silica penetrates cell walls,
3.
Cell walls progressively dissolve as they are replaced by silica,
4.
Silica framework continues to build up,
5.
Hardening takes place as the wood dries out.
Darwin
recanted
and became a Christian just before he died.
There
is no doubt that Darwin fell away from the gospel. He was baptised an Anglican
and brought up by a Unitarian mother. He trained to become an Anglican clergyman
and intended to enter the ministry but instead he boarded the HMS Beagle as an
unpaid naturalist. Despite all the godly Christian influences on his life,
Darwin accepted Lyell’s teaching ‘Principles of Geology’ and departed from
belief in a recent creation for the Earth. When Lyell died Darwin said "I
never forget that almost everything which I have done in science I owe to the
study of his great works."
About
1836-1839 Darwin wrote "I had gradually come by this time to see that the
Old Testament was no more to be trusted than the sacred books of the Hindus or
the beliefs of any barbarian."
In
1859 he produced ‘Origin of Species’ and in a letter to Joseph Hooker he
wrote "I am almost convinced . . . that species are not (it is like
confessing a murder) immutable." Many commentators have pointed out that
the "murder" he spoke of was in effect the "murder" of God.
Darwin
abandoned the Old testament and then went on to renounce the gospels : "the
more we know of the fixed laws of nature, the more incredible do miracles
become." And "the men of that time were ignorant and credulous to a
degree almost incomprehensible to us."
Surrounded
as he was by unbelievers, and having soaked his mind in literature that rejected
the concept of divine judgement in earth’s history, he said : "I can
hardly see how anyone ought to wish Christianity to be true; for if so, the
plain language of the text seems to show that the men who do not believe, and
this would include my father, brother, and almost all my best friends, will be
everlastingly punished. And this is a damnable doctrine."
In
1880 he wrote : "I am sorry to have to inform you that I do not believe in
the Bible as a divine revelation, and therefore not in Jesus Christ as the Son
of God."
Darwin
died on April 19th 1882 at the age of 73. In the years that followed several
stories surfaced in which he was supposed to have undergone a deathbed
conversion. These stories were included in sermons in May 1882. However the best
know is that attributed to Lady Hope, who claimed she had visited a bedridden
Charles at Down House in autumn 1881. She claimed that as she entered she found
Charles reading Hebrews. She claims that she spoke to him of Genesis and was
invited back the next day to speak about Jesus in front of other invited people.
This story first appeared in a 521 word article in the American Baptist journal
(‘The Watchman Examiner’).
All
of Darwin’s family deny the story. Darwin’s daughter wrote : "I was
present at his deathbed. Lady Hope was not present during his illness, or any
illness. I believe he never saw her, but in any case she had no influence over
him in any department of thought or belief. He never recanted any of his
scientific views, either then or earlier . . .The whole story has no foundation
whatever."
Darwin’s
biographer, Dr. James Moore, lecturer in the history of science and technology
at the Open University in the UK has spent 20 years researching the data over
three continents. In his 218 page book he describes Lady Hope as "a skilled
raconteur, able to summon up poignant scenes and conversations, and embroider
them with sentimental spirituality."
The
fact that humans have so many different blood groups indicates
that they have a variegated origin.
There
is only one gene in humans which controls the blood type. There are three
versions of that gene, known as alleles - A, B or O. Since the gene is always
present as a pair of alleles, with one allele inherited from each parent, two
alleles are always present, so the possibilities are : AA, BB, AB, AO, BO or OO.
If
Adam and Eve were AO and BO their children could have any of the subsequent
variations : AO, BO, AB, OO, AB, AO, AB, BO, AA, BO, BB, AO.
If
they had 56 children there would have been 14 of each blood group.
Most
of the scientific world is evolution-based in its thinking - because ‘real’
scientists could never accept the Bible as literally true as regards origins.
Many
of the founding fathers of modern science were Bible-believing Christians. These
scientists include :
Louis
Agassiz - glacial geology, icthyology
Charles
Babbage - computer science, operations research, actuarial tables
Francis
bacon - scientific method
David
Brewster - optical mineralogy
Robert
Boyle - chemistry, gas dynamics
Wernher
Von Braun - space rockets
George
Washington Carver - agricultural chemistry
Georges
Cuvier - vertebrate palaeontology, comparative anatomy
John
Dalton - atomic theory, partial pressure law, colour blindness
Humphry
Davy - thermokinetics, miner’s safety lamp
Leonard
Euler - calculus of partial differentials, fluid flow equations, conic sections,
network
theory
Henri
Fabre - electric motor, galvanometer
Michael
Faraday - electric generator, transformer, field theory
John
Ambrose Fleming - electronics, thermionic valve
Joseph
Henry - electric motor, galvanometer
John
Herschel - double stars, Uranus, galactic astronomer
William
Huggins - spectroscopy in astronomy
James
Joule - thermodynamics, law of conservation of energy
Johannes
Kepler - astronomy, laws of planetary motion
Richard
Kirwan - mineralogy
Carl
Linnaeus - classification system, systematic biology
Joseph
Lister - antiseptic surgery
Matthew
Maury - oceanography, hydrography
James
Clerk Maxwell - electromagnetic field equations, statistical thermodynamics
Gregor
Mendel - genetics
Samuel
Morse - telegraph, Morse code
Isaac
Newton - laws of motion, law of gravity, calculus, reflecting telescope
Blaise
Pascal - barometer, hydrostatics, theory of probability
Louis
Pasteur - bacteriology, biogenesis law, pasteurisation, vaccination and
immunisation
William
Prout - food chemistry
William
Ramsay - inert gasses, isotopic chemistry, transmutation of elements
John
Ray - natural history
Bernhard
Riemann - non-Euclidean geometry
James
Young Simpson - chloroform, gynaecology
Nicolaus
Steno - stratigraphy
George
Stokes - fluid mechanics
John
Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) - inert gasses, model analysis
Percy
Tait - vector analysis
Rudolf
Virchow - pathology
William
Thomson (Lord Kelvin) - absolute temperature scale, laws of thermodynamics,
transatlantic cable
John
Woodward - palaeontology
Wilbur
and Orville Wright - powered flight
Leonardo da Vinci - hydraulics